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Objective To evaluate the application efficacy of SpyGlass endoscopic direct visualization system in management of complex biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 369 adult patients with biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation who received endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for the first time were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative conditions, intraoperative manifestations, treatment outcomes and complications of patients treated with SpyGlass system were analyzed. Results Fifty-six patients were treated with SpyGlass system. The main preoperative symptoms included abdominal discomfort in 38 cases, fever in 8 cases, jaundice in 6 cases and skin itching in 4 cases. Ultrasound examination in 18 patients indicated common bile duct stenosis and significant intrahepatic bile duct dilatation. Preoperative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) of 56 patients revealed that 36 cases were diagnosed with common bile duct stenosis complicated with stones, 16 cases of common bile duct stenosis alone and 4 cases of suspected tumors. All patients had definite indications for SpyGlass system treatment. Among 56 patients treated with SpyGlass system, 34 cases were diagnosed with anastomotic stricture complicated with stones, 12 cases of anastomotic stricture alone, 1 case of biliary stone and 4 cases of tumors. Among 48 cases who were successfully treated, the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin at postoperative 48 h were all significantly lower than preoperative levels (all P<0.05). No severe complications occurred in 56 patients treated with SpyGlass system. Conclusions Use of SpyGlass system may significantly increase success rate and guarantee surgical safety in the treatment of complex biliary complications after liver transplantation, which is worthy of promotion and application.
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Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)+SpyGlass system versus percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGD)+ERCP in the treatment of acute cholecystitis secondary to choledocholithiasis. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of the patients with acute cholecystitis secondary to choledocholithiasis who were treated in Department of Gastroenterology, Jilin City People's Hospital, from December 2019 to September 2021, among whom there were 23 patients in the ERCP+SpyGlass group and 19 patients in the PTGD+ERCP group. The two groups were compared in terms of the indicators such as surgical technical success, surgical operation time, surgical clinical success, postoperative recovery, length of hospital stay, and complications. The two-independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between groups, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between groups; the chi- square test or the Fisher's exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results Compared with the PTGD+ERCP group, the ERCP+SpyGlass group had a significant reduction in C-reactive protein after surgery ( Z =2.999, P =0.003). There were no significant differences between the two groups in technical success rate ( χ 2 =1.735, P =0.188), clinical success rate ( χ 2 =0.846, P =0.358), total time of operation ( t =1.667, P = 0.113), white blood cell count on day 1 after surgery ( t =1.075, P = 0.289), length of postoperative hospital stay ( t =1.560, P =0.127), and incidence rate of complications (all P > 0.05). Conclusion In the treatment of acute cholecystitis secondary to choledocholithiasis, the ERCP+SpyGlass system has a comparable clinical effect to PTGD+ERCP and is safe and effective, without increasing surgery-related adverse events and risks, and it can also solve the problems of the biliary tract and the gallbladder at one time through natural orifices, with no scars on body surface and convenient postoperative nursing. Therefore, it holds promise for clinical application.
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Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-based comprehensive minimally invasive treatment for biliary anastomotic stenosis (BAS) after liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 60 BAS recipients after liver transplantation were retrospectively analyzed, 54 male and 6 female, aged (48±10) years. ERCP was initially carried out. If it succeeded, plastic or metallic stents were placed into the biliary tract. If it failed, percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage (PTCD) or single-operator cholangioscopy (SpyGlass) was adopted to pass through the stenosis. If all these procedures failed, magnetic anastomosis or other special methods were delivered. The incidence and treatment of BAS after liver transplantation were summarized. The efficacy, stent removal and recurrence were observed. Results The median time of incidence of BAS after liver transplantation was 8 (4, 13) months. Within postoperative 1 year, 1-2 years and over 2 years, 39, 16 and 5 recipients were diagnosed with BAS, respectively. All 60 BAS recipients after liver transplantation were successfully treated, including 56 cases initially receiving ERCP, and 41 completing BAS treatment, with a success rate of 73%. The failure of guide wire was the main cause of ERCP failure. The success rates of PTCD, SpyGlass and magnetic anastomosis were 5/9, 5/7 and 7/8, respectively. Two recipients were successfully treated by percutaneous choledochoscope-assisted blunt guide wire technique and stent placement in the biliary and duodenal fistula. After 3 (3, 4) cycles of ERCP and 13 (8, 18) months of stent indwelling, 38 recipients reached the stent removal criteria, including 25 plastic stents and 13 metallic stents. The indwelling time of plastic stents was longer than that of metallic stents (P < 0.05). Six cases suffered from stenosis recurrence at 12 (8, 33) months after stent removal, and the recurrence rate was 16%. Six patients were treated with ERCP, and 5 of them did not recur after the stents were successfully removed. Multivariate analysis showed that delayed diagnosis of stenosis and frequent ERCP before stent removal were the independent risk factors for BAS recurrence (both P < 0.05). Conclusions ERCP-based comprehensive minimally invasive treatment may improve the success rate of BAS treatment after liver transplantation and yield satisfactory long-term efficacy. Delayed diagnosis of BAS and high frequent ERCP required for stent removal are the independent risk factors for BAS recurrence.
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Objective To preliminarily evaluate the application value of SpyGlass direct visualization system in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary stricture after liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 4 patients presenting with biliary stricture after liver transplantation who underwent SpyGlass direct visualization system examination were collected. The examination, treatment and prognosis of biliary stricture were analyzed. Results The examination results of color Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in 4 patients suggested biliary anastomotic stricture with intrahepatic biliary dilatation, and 2 of them were complicated with intrahepatic biliary calculi. Repeated placement of biliary stent under ERCP yielded poor effect in 3 cases. SpyGlass direct visualization system examination hinted biliary anastomotic stricture in 4 patients, 3 cases of intrahepatic biliary dilatation, 3 cases of intrahepatic biliary calculi, 2 cases of purulent bile and 3 cases of floccules within the biliary tract, 1 case of congestion and edema of biliary tract wall and 2 cases of local epithelial necrosis and stiffness changes of intrahepatic biliary tract wall. The wire could not be inserted in 1 patient due to severe biliary anastomotic stricture. Four patients were treated with biliary stricture resection + biliary stone removal + biliary end-to-end anastomosis, biliary stricture resection + biliary-intestinal anastomosis, ERCP lithotomy + biliary metal stent implantation, and biliary metal stent implantation + percutaneous transhepatic bile duct lithotomy, respectively. Relevant symptoms were relieved without evident complications. All patients survived during the follow-up until the submission date. Conclusions Compared with traditional imaging examination, SpyGlass direct visualization system may more directly display the morphological characteristics of biliary tract wall and structural changes within biliary tract cavity, which is an effective examination tool for biliary stricture after liver transplantation. In addition, individualized treatment methods may be adopted for different biliary tract diseases, which is expected to improve clinical prognosis of patients.
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Objective To investigate the value of SpyGlass single-operator choledochoscopy system in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with unexplained biliary stricture, complex bile duct stones, or other biliary tract diseases. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of the patients with biliary tract diseases who were diagnosed and treated with SpyGlass in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from December 2017 to June 2020. For the patients with biliary stricture, the biliary lesions were fully visualized under the guidance of SpyGlass, and SpyBite biopsy was performed if necessary; the patients with bile duct stones were treated with SpyGlass-guided direct-view laser lithotripsy; for the patients with gallbladder disease, the cystic duct was superselected with the assistance of SpyGlass. The SpyGlass system was analyzed in terms of its sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rate in diagnosis and treatment, lithotripsy success rate, stone clearance rate, procedure success rate, and incidence rate of complications. Results A total of 58 patients underwent SpyGlass procedure. SpyGlass was used to evaluate biliary stricture of unknown nature in 44 (76%) patients; SpyGlass visual impression had a diagnostic sensitivity of 92% (24/26), a specificity of 94% (17/18), and an accuracy of 93% (41/44), and SpyBite biopsy had a diagnostic sensitivity of 71% (15/21), a specificity of 92% (11/12), and an accuracy of 79% (26/33). SpyGlass was used for the treatment of bile duct stones in 8 patients (14%), with a lithotripsy success rate of 83% (5/6) and a stone clearance rate of 88% (7/8). A guide wire under the SpyGlass system was to superselect the cystic duct in 5 patients (9%), with a procedure success rate of 80% (4/5). In one patient (1%), SpyGlass was used to assist the removal of common bile duct stones after liver transplantation and the treatment of bile duct anastomotic stricture. A total of 5 patients (9%) experienced complications after surgery. Conclusion The SpyGlass choledochoscopy system is accurate, safe, and effective in the diagnosis and treatment of unexplained biliary stricture, complex bile duct stones, and other biliary tract diseases.
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Objective To investigate the value of SpyGlass single-operator choledochoscopy system in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with unexplained biliary stricture, complex bile duct stones, or other biliary tract diseases. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of the patients with biliary tract diseases who were diagnosed and treated with SpyGlass in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from December 2017 to June 2020. For the patients with biliary stricture, the biliary lesions were fully visualized under the guidance of SpyGlass, and SpyBite biopsy was performed if necessary; the patients with bile duct stones were treated with SpyGlass-guided direct-view laser lithotripsy; for the patients with gallbladder disease, the cystic duct was superselected with the assistance of SpyGlass. The SpyGlass system was analyzed in terms of its sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rate in diagnosis and treatment, lithotripsy success rate, stone clearance rate, procedure success rate, and incidence rate of complications. Results A total of 58 patients underwent SpyGlass procedure. SpyGlass was used to evaluate biliary stricture of unknown nature in 44 (76%) patients; SpyGlass visual impression had a diagnostic sensitivity of 92% (24/26), a specificity of 94% (17/18), and an accuracy of 93% (41/44), and SpyBite biopsy had a diagnostic sensitivity of 71% (15/21), a specificity of 92% (11/12), and an accuracy of 79% (26/33). SpyGlass was used for the treatment of bile duct stones in 8 patients (14%), with a lithotripsy success rate of 83% (5/6) and a stone clearance rate of 88% (7/8). A guide wire under the SpyGlass system was to superselect the cystic duct in 5 patients (9%), with a procedure success rate of 80% (4/5). In one patient (1%), SpyGlass was used to assist the removal of common bile duct stones after liver transplantation and the treatment of bile duct anastomotic stricture. A total of 5 patients (9%) experienced complications after surgery. Conclusion The SpyGlass choledochoscopy system is accurate, safe, and effective in the diagnosis and treatment of unexplained biliary stricture, complex bile duct stones, and other biliary tract diseases.
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To evaluate the application of laser lithotripsy under SpyGlass for difficult pancreatic duct stones. Data of patients who underwent laser lithotripsy under SpyGlass for difficult pancreatic duct stones from January 2018 to April 2020 in Shandong Provincial Third Hospital were collected. A total of 18 patients were included in the study and the number of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) performed on each patient was 1.5±0.7. The total operation success rate was 88.9% (16/18) and the number of SpyGlass lithotripsy was 1.3±0.4. The diameter of the stones was 13.17±3.69 mm and the number of stones was 1.70±0.74. Nine patients had stones located in the pancreatic head and 15 cases had stenosis of the proximal pancreatic duct. One case had post-ERCP pancreatitis. No bleeding, perforation or other complications occurred. The indwelling time of the pancreatic duct stent was 10.5±2.8 months, and the follow-up was 6-30 months. There was no recurrence of pancreatic duct stenosis or pancreatic duct stones. Laser lithotripsy under SpyGlass is safe and effective for difficult pancreatic duct stones.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy and safety of SpyGlass system combined with electrohydraulic lithotripsy during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the treatment of difficult common bile duct stones. MethodsA total of 20 patients who used the SpyGlass system combined with electrohydraulic lithotripsy during ERCP for the treatment of difficult common bile duct stones in Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, from December 2019 to May 2020 were enrolled. Liver function, blood amylase, and blood lipase were measured after surgery; the patients were observed in terms of body temperature, abdominal pain, hematobilia, infection, and perforation; the presence or absence of residual common bile duct stones was reexamined after surgery. ResultsOf all 20 patients, 18 underwent successful lithotripsy on the first attempt without serious complications, and 2 underwent ERCP-guided basket extraction and biliary tract cleaning with balloon due to residual stones found in the reexamination after surgery and achieved complete removal of stones. No biliary tract perforation or massive hemorrhage was observed; there was mild pancreatitis after surgery, which was improved after pharmacotherapy; some patients had increased levels of blood amylase and lipase, without any clinical symptom; there was a significant improvement in liver function after surgery. Abdominal color Doppler ultrasound performed for all patients at 3 months after cholecystolithotomy showed no residual common bile duct stones. ConclusionSpyGlass system combined with electrohydraulic lithotripsy during ERCP has a high first-attempt success rate of complete removal of stones in the treatment of difficult common bile duct stones, without marked surgical complications.
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Resumen Se presenta el caso de un paciente con pancreatitis crónica y hallazgo de lesión quística en el ducto pancreático principal, a quien se le realizó colangioscopia directa tipo Spyglass y se encontró un gran cálculo impactado a nivel de la cabeza del páncreas, condicionando una formación pseudoquística. Se realizó litotricia láser y se logró la extracción en su totalidad, con lo cual se logró la remisión sintomática.
Abstract We present the case of a patient with chronic pancreatitis. After finding a cystic lesion in the main pancreatic duct, the patient underwent direct cholangioscopy using the SpyGlass DS System. A large impacted calculus and pseudocyst formation was found in the head of the pancreas. Laser lithotripsy was used to extract the entire calculus and symptomatic remission was achieved.
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Humans , Male , Adult , Pancreatic Ducts , Calculi , Lithotripsy, Laser , Pancreatitis, ChronicABSTRACT
An 89-year-old man was referred to our hospital for treatment of hepatolithiasis causing recurrent cholangitis. He had undergone a prior Whipple procedure. Computed tomography demonstrated left-sided hepatolithiasis. First, we conducted peroral direct cholangioscopy (PDCS) using an ultraslim endoscope. Although PDCS was successfully conducted, it was unsuccessful in removing all the stones. The stones located in the B2 segment were difficult to remove because the endoscope could not be inserted deeply into this segment due to the small size of the intrahepatic bile duct. Next, we substituted the endoscope with an upper gastrointestinal endoscope. After positioning the endoscope, the SpyGlass digital system (SPY-DS) was successfully inserted deep into the B2 segment. Upon visualizing the residual stones, we conducted SPY-DS-guided electrohydraulic lithotripsy. The stones were disintegrated and completely removed. In cases of PDCS failure, a treatment strategy using the SPY-DS can be considered for patients with hepatolithiasis after a Whipple procedure.
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Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic , Cholangitis , Endoscopes , Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal , LithotripsyABSTRACT
Objective To study the diagnostic value of Spyglass visual impression and Spybite targeted biopsies for biliary strictures of unknown reasons. Methods Several Chinese and English databases were electronically searched for studies on biliary strictures diagnosed with Spyglass visual impression and Spybite targeted biopsies compared with golden standard ( pathological biopsy, autopsy and long-term clinical follow-up) . The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed according to QUADAS-2 items. The software Meta-DiSc ( version 1. 4 ) was used to conduct pooling on sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood radio, negative likelihood radio and diagnostic odds ratio ( DOR ) . Heterogeneity test was performed and the summary receiver operating characteristic curve ( SROC ) was drawn for area under the curve ( AUC) . Results A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria, involving 532 patients who received Spyglass visual impression and 525 who received Spybite targeted biopsies. The combined specificity, sensitivity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and DOR were 0. 90 (95％CI:0. 85-0. 94), 0. 89 (95％CI:0. 85-0. 93), 7. 12 (95％CI: 4. 36-11. 64), 0. 12 (95％CI:0. 07-0. 22)and 82. 40 (95％CI:33. 73-201. 28)for Spyglass visual impression, and 0. 98 (95％CI:0. 96-1. 00), 0. 66 (95％CI:0. 60-0. 71), 13. 29 (95％CI:6. 92-25. 53), 0. 37 (95％CI:0. 28-0. 47)and 51. 05 (95％CI:23. 58-110. 53) for Spybite targeted biopsies, respectively. The AUC on the SROC of Spyglass visual impression and Spybite targeted biopsies were 0. 9574 and 0. 9398, respectively. Conclusion Spyglass visual impression is useful for detecting malignant lesion, whereas Spybite targeted biopsies is better at confirming malignant diagnosis, which indicates combination of the two methods have good diagnostic value for indeterminate biliary strictures, but their negative results are not perfect in excluding biliary cancer.
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Objective To evaluate the clinical application value of SpyGlass DS cholangioscopy in diagnosis and therapy of patients with biliary tract diseases. Methods Seven patients with biliary tract diseases were examined and treated with SpyGlass DS system. Three patients with large choledocholithiasis underwent laser lithotripsy under SpyGlass DS system, and then the broken stones were removed by ERCP. Four patients with indeterminate bile duct stricture underwent SpyGlass DS examination and SpyGlass DS-guided biopsies if necessary.Results SpyGlass DS cholangioscopy was successfully performed in all patients with a mean procedure time of 12. 6 min. Complete stone clearance was achieved in 3 patients with large biliary stones. Of the 4 patients with indeterminate biliary stricture, 2 underwent SpyGlass DS-guided biopsies and were diagnosed as malignant biliary tumor; the other 2 patients were diagnosed as inflammatory bile duct stenosis after visualizing the target lesions without biopsy. Two patients developed hyperamylasemia after the procedure, and recovered spontaneously. Conclusion SpyGlass DS cholangioscopy can provide accurate diagnosis in indeterminate biliary strictures and facilitate therapy in patients with challenging biliary stones.
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Spyglass es un colangioscopio peroral mono operador desechable que ha estado disponible desde principios de 2007 para patología biliar. Objetivo: Demostrar la experiencia en Venezuela usando sistema Spyglass en pacientes con patología biliar. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo (febrero2012-mayo2015), Policlínica Metropolitana.50 spyglass fueron realizados, representando 7,7% del volumen de CPRE biliares en el mismo período (50/650). Se incluyeron 46 pacientes (45 hombres, 1 mujer), edad media 62,6 años (24-92 años). Indicaciones: coledocolitiasis (20), estenosis (23), tumor (2), descarte Neo entre 2 prótesis (1), prótesis trans stent (1). Un mono operador a través de un duodenoscopio terapéutico realizó colangioscopia spyglass. Sedación por anestesiología en quirófano y antibiótico profiláctico fue administrada. Resultados: Spyglass fue realizada en 46 pacientes (50 procedimientos).Hallazgos: litiasis (20 pacientes), estenosis benigna (10), estenosis maligna (13), colangitis esclerosante (1), prótesis trans stent (1). De los pacientes con litiasis, el clearance ductal posterior a litotripsia holmiun láser se logró en el 85% después de una sesión, y el 15 % en un segundo intento.Spyglass confirmó el diagnóstico de malignidad en 13/21 (62%), el diagnóstico se estableció por combinación de características visuales y biopsias directas.En 7/21 (33,33%) cambio diagnóstico: benigno (6), colangitis esclerosante (1) y en uno no se pudo establecer diagnóstico. La sospecha de benignidad se confirmó en 3/4 pacientes. Pancreatitis, microperforación retroperitoneal y fístula pancreática se reportó en un paciente (2,17%) resuelto con tratamiento médico y quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Spyglass es una técnica útil en estenosis sospechosa de benignidad o malignidad, difirió el diagnóstico, modificando la conducta. Es una técnica adyuvante de la CPRE en el manejo de cálculos.
Spyglass is a disposable peroral cholangioscope monoperator that has been available since early 2007 for biliary disease. Objective: To demonstrate the experience in Venezuela using Spyglass system in patients with biliary disease. Patients and Methods: Prospective study (february2012-may2015), Polyclinic Metropolitana.50 spyglass were performed, representing 7.7% of the volume of bile ERCP in the same period (50/650). 46 patients (45 males, 1 female), mean age 62.6 years (24-92 years) were included. Indications: choledocholithiasis (20), stenosis (23), tumor (2), dicard neo between two prothesis (1), trans prosthesis stent (1) .A monoperator through a therapeutic duodenoscope made cholangioscopy spyglass. Sedation for anesthesiology and prophylactic antibiotic was administered. Results: Spyglass was performed in 46 patients (50 procedures) .Findings: lithiasis (20 patients), benign stricture (10), malignant stricture (13), sclerosing cholangitis (1), trans prosthesis stent (1). Of patients with stone disease, ductal clearance holmium laser after lithotripsy was achieved in 85% after a session, and 15% in a second attempt.Spyglass confirmed the diagnosis of malignancy in 13/21 (62%), the diagnosis was established by combination of visual features and directs biopsies.En 7/21 (33.33%) change diagnosis: benign (6), sclerosing cholangitis (1) and one diagnosis could not be established. The suspicion was confirmed benignity in 3/4 patients. Pancreatitis, retroperitoneal microperforation and pancreatic fistula was reported in one patient (2.17%) resolved with medical and surgical treatment. Conclusions: Spyglass is a useful technique for suspected benign or malignant stricture, diagnosis differed modifying behavior. Spyglass is a useful adjuvant to ERCP in the management of difficult stone disease.
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Objective To evaluate the applicant effect of improved flushing suction method for SpyClass choledochoscope operation. Methods Seventy-three patients who underwent SpyGlass choledocho-scopy from February 2013 to January 2015 were enrolled. Negative pressure biopsy channel was used in group A(n= 34)during conducting SpyGlass choledochoscopy with the tube directly connected to the conveying pipe and combined with duodenoscope suction.In group B(n= 39),the biopsy channel of disposable syringe jacket was first connected to a delivery catheter,then the negative pressure pipe was put in the injector coat, combined with duodenoscope suction. Adverse reactions,theⅠ image acquisition time after the placement of SpyGlass delivery catheter to pancreaticobiliary duct,the total operation time,and the occurrence of compli-cations after operation were recorded. Results Sinus bradycardia,arrhythmia,agitation occurred in 7 cases (20. 6%),5 cases( 14. 7%),and 10 cases( 29. 4%) respectively in group A,those were 1 case (2. 6%),0 case(0/ 39),2 cases(5. 1%)respectively in group B with significant difference(P<0. 05). The time to acquire a clear image and the total operation time in group A were 6. 2 min and 24. 9 min,and 3. 3 min and 16. 8 minutes in B group with significant difference(P<0. 05),postoperative cholangitis oc-curred in 5 cases in group A(14. 7%),1 case(2. 6%)in group B with significant difference(P<0. 05). Conclusion New irrigation and suction method has obvious advantages in the SpyGlass system.
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El 85% a 90% de los cálculos de la vía biliar son manejados de forma exitosa con la técnica endoscópica estándar, que incluye esfinterotomía endoscópica combinada con canastilla y/o catéter con balón. Sin embargo, cuando los cálculos son múltiples, de gran tamaño, de localización o forma inusual, o existen alteraciones anatómicas de la vía biliar se hacen refractarios al manejo estándar, lo que obliga la realización de otras modalidades terapéuticas. Los cálculos de gran tamaño o impactados generalmente son manejados con técnicas de fragmentación como la litotripsia mecánica y en casos fallidos con litotripsia electrohidráulica (LEH) o litotripsia láser (LL) guiado por colangioscopia convencional o más recientemente por un sistema de colangioscopia directa llamado Spyglass®. También se puede usar el sistema de dilatación endoscópica papilar con balón grande, que ha demostrado ser útil en el manejo de cálculos grandes y múltiples. En casos con anatomía alterada con dificultad para acceder a la papila, el abordaje preferido para la técnica de fragmentación es el percutáneo transhepático. En pacientes ancianos y con pobre estado general la colocación de una prótesis biliar es la técnica de elección definitiva mientras mejoran las condiciones del paciente para un tratamiento endoscópico posterior.
Standard endoscopic techniques of sphincterotomy combined with Dormia basket and/or balloon catheterization can manage 85-90% of the gallstones found obstructing bile ducts. However, when there are several large calculi, when a stone is in an unusual location, or when there are anatomic abnormalities of the bile duct, they become refractory to standard management. Other therapeutic modalities become essential for management of these gallstones. Large or impacted calculi are generally handled with fragmentation techniques such as mechanical lithotripsy. When this fails, electrohydraulic lithotripsy (LEH) or laser lithotripsy (LL) guided by conventional cholangioscopy are usually resorted to. More recently, a system of direct cholangioscopy called Spyglass has been introduced. Endoscopic papillary dilation with a large balloon has also proven useful for management of large and multiple calculi. In cases with altered anatomy that makes access to the papilla difficult, the preferred technique is a transhepatic approach combined with percutaneous fragmentation. In elderly patients whose overall condition is poor, the placement of a biliary stent is the definite choice of technique because it can improve the patients condition to make possible further endoscopic therapy.
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Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cholangiography , Choledocholithiasis , Gallstones , LithotripsyABSTRACT
Objective To explore the value of SpyGlass (direct visualization system) guided laser lithotripsy for large bile duct stones in ERCP.Methods Thirty-three patients with large bile duct stones were randomly assigned to two groups: SpyGlass guided laser lithotripsy group (n =16) and mechanical lithotripsy group (n =17).All patients underwent ERCP procedures for stones extraction.The success rate of complete stone removal, the early complication rate related to the procedure and procedure time were compared between the two groups.Results The success rate of complete stone removal in SpyGlass guided laser lithotripsy group was higher than that of the mechanical lithotripsy group [75.0％ (12/16) VS 41.2％ (7/17) ,P ＜ 0.05].There were no significant differences between two groups in either procedure time [(51.6 ± 18.6) min VS (60.4 ± 12.3) min, P ＞ 0.05] or the early complication rate related to the procedure (18.8％ VS 5.9％ ,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion SpyGlass guided laser lithotripsy is safe and effective for large bile duct stones.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Spyglass single-operator cholangioscopy-guided laser lithotripsy for removing difficult bile duct stones.Methods A total of 39 patients with difficult bile duct stones were divided into Spyglass single-operator cholangioscopy-guided group (n =20) and fluoroscopy guided group (n =19) to receive corresponding treatments.The success rates of complete stone removal and the complication rates related to the procedure were compared between the two groups.Results There was no significant difference in success rate of complete stone removal between Spyglass single-operator cholangioscopy-guided group(17/20, 85.0％) and the fluoroscopy guided group(16/19, 84.2％ ,P =0.661) or in rates of procedure related complication (acute pancreatitis P =0.695, infection of bile duct P =1.000).Conclusion Both Spyglass single-operator cholangioscopy-guided laser lithotripsy and fluoroscopy are safe and effective.
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A pesar de contar en la actualidad con duodenoscopios y equipos de fluoroscopia y radiología de gran calidad, en muchas ocasiones la visualización endoscópica directa del árbol biliar y pancreático es requerida para definir mejor el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la patología del paciente. La experiencia inicial con la colangioscopia peroral fue muy promisoria, sin embargo, el entusiasmo declinó rápidamente con la aparición de nuevas técnicas de imagenología, pero principalmente por la extrema fragilidad y los altos costos de los colangioscopios. La colangioscopia a pesar de que es considerada como una técnica emergente, en los últimos años y apoyándose en los grandes avances tecnológicos en materia de equipos endoscópicos, ha sufrido una serie de modificaciones gracias al desarrollo de instrumental más resistente y de menor diámetro, costo, entre otros factores; lo que ha permitido que sea cada día más utilizada, permitiendo posicionarse como una herramienta muy útil para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de diferentes patologías pancreáticas y biliares como colangiocarcinoma, litos gigantes, estenosis o pólipos de pequeño tamaño, entre otros. En el presente artículo se busca realizar una breve revisión sobre el tema y presentar los nuevos equipos y sus ventajas. También se pretende resaltar la gran utilidad del procedimiento en ciertos grupos de pacientes y su real aplicación en Colombia, donde hace más de un año se cuenta con la tecnología y los procedimientos se ha realizado con éxito.
Despite todays high quality duodenoscopes, fluoroscopy equipment and x-ray equipment, a direct endoscopic view of the biliary tree and the pancreas is often required for the best diagnosis and treatment of a patients pathology. Initial experience with peroral cholangioscopy was very promising, but the enthusiasm for this technique quickly declined due to the extreme fragility and high cost of cholangioscopes and also because of the advent of new imaging techniques. As the result of recent technological advances in endoscopic equipment, cholangioscopy has undergone a number of changes that include development of stronger instruments that are smaller in diameter and which cost less than earlier versions. Consequently, despite the fact that his is still considered to be an emerging technique, peroral cholangioscopy is increasingly being used as a very useful tool for diagnosis and treatment of various pancreatic and biliary diseases including cholangiocarcinoma, giant calculi, stenoses and small polyps. This article briefly reviews the topic, introduces new equipment and the advantages thereof, and focuses on highlighting the usefulness of this method for certain groups of patients as it is actually being implemented in Colombia over the last year ago with success.
Subject(s)
Humans , GastroscopyABSTRACT
Spyglass es un sistema monooperador recientemente desarrollado para realización de colangioscopia permitiendo la evaluación de los ductos biliares. Demostrar la experiencia preliminar en Venezuela en un hospital público con colangioscopia peroral monooperador (Spyglass) en pacientes con patología biliar. Estudio prospectivo (febrero - abril 2012), Hospital Vargas de Caracas. Se incluyeron 9 pacientes (6 hombres, 3 mujeres), edad media 50,44 años (28 - 83 años) con patología bilio-pancreática. Indicaciones: litiasis biliar (3), estenosis (1), colangitis (1), tumores.5 De los 9 pacientes, 5 fueron sometidos a esfinterotomía y 4 estaban previamente instrumentados. En 4 pacientes se realizó dilatación de la esfinterotomía. En 7 pacientes (6 con estenosis y 1 con litiasis biliar gigante) se colocó stent (7 plásticos y 1 metálico autoexpandible) post spyglass. Sedación fue monitoreada por anestesiología y administración antibiótico profiláctico. Spyglass fue realizado en 9 pacientes (1 paciente fue fallida por problemas técnicos del haz de luz). Spyglass pudo ser insertado en el colédoco en 9 pacientes (100%), ductos intrahepáticos 3 (33,3%) y adecuada visualización en 8 pacientes (88,9%). Hallazgos: lesiones exofíticas neovascularizadas 4 (44,4%), litiasis 1 (11,1%), estenosis 2 (22,2%), normal 2 (22,2%). En 2 pacientes (1 con estenosis, otro lesión exofítica) se tomó biopsias (inflamatorio y colangiocarcinoma respectivamente). No hubo complicaciones. Spyglass es un endoscopio miniatura mono operador efectivo en la evaluación y tratamiento de cálculos y lesiones biliares
Spyglass is a mono operated system recently developed for the practice of cholangioscopy that permits the direct evaluation of the biliary ducts. To demonstrate the preliminary experience in Venezuela in a public hospital with mono operated peroral cholangioscopy (Spyglass) in patients with biliary disease. Patients and Methods: Prospective study (february - april 2012), 9 patients (6 men, 3 women) mean age 50,44 years old (28-83) with biliopancreatic disease. Indications: lithiasis (3), stenosis (1), cholangitis (1) and tumors (5). Of the 9 patients, in 5 sphinterotomy was performed and 4 were previously instrumented. In 4 patients dilatation of the sphinterotomy was performed. In 7 patients (6 with stenosis, 1 with a giant biliary stone) a stent was placed (7 plastic and 1 autoexpandible) after Spyglass. Sedation monitored by anesthesiologist and prophylactic antibiotic. Spyglass was performed in 9 patients (1 patient was unsuccessful due to technical problems). Spyglass could be inserted into the common bile duct in 9 patients (100%), intrahepatic ducts 3 (33.3%) and adequate visualization was acquired in 8 patients (88.9%). Findings: exophytic lesions neovascularizadas 4 (44.4%), lithiasis 1 (11.1%), stenosis 2 (22.2%), normal 2 (22.2%). In 2 patients (1 with stenosis, another with exophytic lesion) took biopsies (inflammatory and cholangiocarcinoma, respectively). There were no complications. Spyglass is a miniature endoscope mono operated effective in the evaluation and treatment of lithiasis and biliary lesions. There were no complications
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Cholangiocarcinoma/diagnosis , Cholangiography/methods , Common Bile Duct , Biliopancreatic Diversion/methods , GastroenterologyABSTRACT
A 34-year-old female with a history of advanced pulmonary sarcoidosis and right-sided heart failure presented with chronic, postprandial right upper quadrant pain, and weight loss. Endoscopic biliary drainage was deemed to be the most appropriate therapeutic option for her chronic cholecystitis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography utilizing the SpyGlass cholangioscopy system allowed us to access the cystic duct through which the gallbladder was ultimately decompressed, via biliary stent placement and gallstone irrigation. This is the first report of SpyScope assisted placement of fully covered self-expandable metal biliary stents into the cystic duct enabling definitive treatment of symptomatic chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis without cholecystectomy.